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The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round. The northernmost region, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers. The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate but varies greatly from north to south. It has the 17th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2016 World Risk Index.
The country attracted 36.9 million international tourists in 2024, and was ranked eleventh in the world in 2019 for inbound tourism. Other human rights issues include the treatment of marginalized groups, such as ethnic minorities, refugees and asylum seekers. However, it lacks any laws against discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity and does not have a national human rights institution. Japan’s constitution prohibits racial and religious discrimination, and the country is a signatory to numerous international human rights treaties. The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. It spent 1.4% of its total GDP on its defense budget and maintained the tenth-largest military budget in the world in 2025.
The scarab beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt, and the cow is sacred in Hinduism. People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals, and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals, while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish. The protostomes include the Ecdysozoa, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting, Among the largest ecdysozoan phyla are the arthropods and the nematodes. The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the Bilateria clade, which have a bilaterally symmetric body plan.
Numbers and habitats of major phyla
- Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are.
- The period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literary culture with the completion of the Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720), as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired artwork and architecture.
- Other human rights issues include the treatment of marginalized groups, such as ethnic minorities, refugees and asylum seekers.
- Japanese comics, known as manga, developed in the mid-20th century and have become popular worldwide.
- Since 1981, the principal cause of death in Japan is cancer, which accounted for 27% of the total deaths in 2018—followed by cardiovascular diseases, which led to 15% of the deaths.
- Japan’s constitution prohibits racial and religious discrimination, and the country is a signatory to numerous international human rights treaties.
The characters 日本 mean ‘sun origin’, which is the source of the popular Western epithet “Land of the Rising Sun”. Nihon is typically used in everyday speech and reflects shifts in Japanese phonology during the Edo period. Nippon, the original Sino-Japanese reading of the characters, is favored for official uses, including on Japanese banknotes and postage stamps. Before 日本 was adopted in the early 8th century, the country was known in China as Wa (倭, changed in Japan around 757 to 和) and in Japan by the endonym Yamato.
- As the central coordinating body for the Prefectural Police Departments, the National Police Agency is administered by the National Public Safety Commission.
- Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores.
- The country hosted the official 2006 Basketball World Championship and co-hosted the 2023 Basketball World Championship.
- More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, which triggered a large tsunami.
- The country gained the hosting rights for the official Women’s Volleyball World Championship on five occasions, more than any other country.
- Public holidays in Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law (国民の祝日に関する法律, Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu) of 1948.
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and in the Nephrozoa there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. Most basswin members of Medusozoa, including jellyfish and most hydrozoans, have a polyp form as well, but also have a motile medusae stage. Members of the group Anthozoa, such as sea anemones, coral, and sea pens only are sessile polyps. Sponges lack the complex organisation found in most other animal phyla; their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals.
Foreign relations
It is thought to be one of the earliest predators, catching small prey with its nematocysts as modern cnidarians do. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artefact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously. The first body fossils of animals appear in the Ediacaran, represented by forms such as Charnia and Spriggina.
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Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. Other minority religions include Hinduism, Judaism, and Baháʼí Faith, as well as the animist beliefs of the Ainu. Throughout the latest century, Western customs originally related to Christianity, including Western style weddings, Valentine’s Day and Christmas, have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese.
In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. The animal kingdom is divided into five major clades, namely Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Bilateria. Animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have muscle cells, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development.
In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals,d based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones), which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.
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